This document describes results from the 2021 global OHI assessment. This is mostly an internal document to explore and check results. It also creates the figures used on the website and in other documents.
These data are the OHI scores for the eez regions of 220 countries and territories from 2012 to 2021.
Region 0 is the global average scores, which are calculated using an area-weighted average of the region scores (status, likely future state, and score).
This section describes global patterns in index and goal scores. The overall global score was 71.25.
Alternative color scale
Average global performance of the 10 goals.
Flower plots for each region can be downloaded from here
Country index scores for 2021. Maps describing goal and index scores can be downloaded from here.
Distribution of country index scores. The median index score among countries was 70.4.
The regions with index scores of 80 or greater are:
| region_name | Index |
|---|---|
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 93.30 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 91.73 |
| Bouvet Island | 90.88 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 87.87 |
| Jarvis Island | 85.81 |
| Jan Mayen | 85.53 |
| Seychelles | 85.30 |
| Ile Europa | 84.97 |
| Saba | 84.31 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 84.30 |
| Glorioso Islands | 84.05 |
| Germany | 83.87 |
| Norfolk Island | 83.70 |
| New Zealand | 83.48 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 83.08 |
| Aruba | 83.07 |
| Clipperton Island | 82.92 |
| Greenland | 81.66 |
| Norway | 81.64 |
| Madeira | 81.12 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 80.62 |
| United Arab Emirates | 80.61 |
| Sint Maarten | 80.56 |
| Bahamas | 80.46 |
| Qatar | 80.39 |
| Palmyra Atoll | 80.08 |
The regions with index scores of 50 or less are:
| region_name | Index |
|---|---|
| Liberia | 48.64 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 46.59 |
| Ivory Coast | 44.69 |
Carpet plot figure (download as high resolution png) providing an overview of the scores from the 2021 assessment. Each row represents a region, the main groupings represent goals, and within each goal there are 7 years of data. Black regions indicate no data.
Don’t try too hard to interpret the results for specific countries/goals/years!!
This plot is good for providing a quick overview of:
This interactive table describes the index and goal scores for the regions in 2021 (or, download csv version):
Trend values are slope estimates from a linear model of scores for each region/goal over the past 9 years. Positive values indicate increasing scores during the past 9 years and negative values indicate decreasing scores.
A color-coded table of trend values for each country is available here (as well as a csv file).
NOTE: Currently, these data include the livelihoods and economies goal but these results should be viewed sceptically because these data were last updated for the 2013 assessment. Many other goals contain components with poor data resolution (i.e., infrequently, or never, measured over time).
The following table provides the global scores (eez area weighted average of region scores) for the Index and goals/subgoals for all years.
Table View
| goal | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | 70.58 | 71.36 | 71.46 | 71.62 | 71.78 | 71.78 | 71.81 | 71.75 | 71.35 | 71.25 |
| Artisanal opportunities | 75.79 | 76.12 | 76.44 | 76.56 | 76.69 | 76.83 | 77.04 | 77.26 | 77.40 | 77.39 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | 84.23 | 83.93 | 83.65 | 83.37 | 83.15 | 82.87 | 82.63 | 82.36 | 82.03 | 82.04 |
| Biodiversity | 86.11 | 85.91 | 85.78 | 85.79 | 85.94 | 85.68 | 85.50 | 85.29 | 85.05 | 85.12 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | 87.99 | 87.90 | 87.90 | 88.22 | 88.74 | 88.49 | 88.37 | 88.22 | 88.07 | 88.20 |
| Coastal protection | 85.86 | 85.52 | 85.63 | 86.18 | 85.97 | 85.35 | 85.12 | 84.89 | 84.97 | 85.13 |
| Carbon storage | 77.04 | 76.99 | 77.03 | 77.06 | 77.12 | 77.12 | 77.15 | 77.18 | 77.18 | 77.17 |
| Clean water | 69.44 | 69.34 | 69.46 | 69.79 | 70.04 | 70.26 | 70.29 | 70.29 | 70.30 | 70.29 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | 57.60 | 59.22 | 59.74 | 59.20 | 58.60 | 57.87 | 57.76 | 57.08 | 55.25 | 55.15 |
| Food provision | 53.04 | 54.20 | 54.56 | 54.17 | 53.74 | 52.91 | 52.71 | 52.05 | 50.41 | 50.37 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 6.14 | 6.07 | 6.08 | 6.11 | 6.21 | 6.34 | 6.48 | 6.62 | 6.74 | 6.88 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | 67.66 | 68.57 | 68.65 | 69.10 | 68.36 | 68.23 | 69.30 | 66.55 | 64.23 | 64.13 |
| Sense of place | 62.59 | 63.03 | 63.50 | 63.87 | 63.93 | 64.74 | 65.83 | 64.83 | 63.54 | 63.59 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 57.52 | 57.49 | 58.35 | 58.64 | 59.50 | 61.24 | 62.36 | 63.10 | 62.85 | 63.05 |
| Natural products | 65.76 | 67.64 | 66.76 | 66.42 | 66.96 | 68.17 | 67.43 | 68.59 | 67.98 | 66.52 |
| Tourism & recreation | 49.13 | 50.24 | 50.93 | 52.00 | 53.10 | 52.38 | 52.57 | 52.70 | 52.49 | 52.70 |
The following is a very preliminary analysis of how the global scores changed over time. Global index scores decreased by an average 0.05 points per year, with 101 regions having decreasing trends and 116 having increasing trends.
| long_goal | average_change_per_year | p_value | num_rgns_pos_trend | num_rgns_neg_trend | mean_trend | sd_trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iconic species (subgoal) | -0.44 | 0.0251 | 27 | 188 | -0.55 | 0.49 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | -0.41 | 0.0063 | 77 | 143 | -0.21 | 0.92 |
| Food provision | -0.41 | 0.0024 | 84 | 135 | -0.15 | 0.97 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | -0.25 | 0.0000 | 14 | 206 | -0.32 | 0.18 |
| Biodiversity | -0.11 | 0.0001 | 33 | 187 | -0.15 | 0.32 |
| Coastal protection | -0.11 | 0.0142 | 53 | 86 | -0.03 | 0.17 |
| Carbon storage | 0.02 | 0.0001 | 56 | 45 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | 0.03 | 0.3450 | 102 | 86 | 0.02 | 0.59 |
| Index | 0.05 | 0.2666 | 115 | 101 | 0.01 | 0.38 |
| Livelihoods | 0.05 | 0.0533 | 78 | 67 | -0.02 | 0.56 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 0.09 | 0.0000 | 47 | 24 | 0.19 | 0.86 |
| Clean water | 0.12 | 0.0002 | 105 | 99 | 0.05 | 0.65 |
| Natural products | 0.14 | 0.1741 | 97 | 116 | -0.30 | 2.97 |
| Sense of place | 0.16 | 0.1411 | 72 | 142 | 0.08 | 1.07 |
| Artisanal opportunities | 0.18 | 0.0000 | 161 | 28 | 0.18 | 0.36 |
| Livelihoods & economies | 0.20 | 0.1056 | 134 | 41 | 0.13 | 0.48 |
| Tourism & recreation | 0.35 | 0.0038 | 139 | 51 | 0.33 | 1.31 |
| Economies | 0.36 | 0.1128 | 114 | 19 | 0.28 | 0.65 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 0.75 | 0.0000 | 87 | 37 | 0.71 | 2.13 |
The global average decreased by an average of 0.05 points per year, but there was a good deal of variation in trend among regions and goals.
The following histogram describes the distribution of trend (e.g., change in score per year) in index scores:
The 10 regions with the largest increases in index scores are:
| country | trend |
|---|---|
| Norfolk Island | 1.41 |
| Papua New Guinea | 1.16 |
| Madagascar | 0.92 |
| Indonesia | 0.84 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.83 |
| Cambodia | 0.74 |
| Pitcairn | 0.74 |
| Croatia | 0.67 |
| Ascension | 0.66 |
| Thailand | 0.65 |
The 10 regions with the largest decreases in index scores are:
| country | trend | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island | -0.67 |
| 212 | Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands of the United States | -0.67 |
| 213 | Panama | -0.67 |
| 214 | Morocco | -0.69 |
| 215 | Haiti | -0.69 |
| 216 | Liberia | -0.73 |
| 217 | Macquarie Island | -0.80 |
| 218 | Suriname | -0.86 |
| 219 | Syria | -1.02 |
| 220 | Marshall Islands | -1.71 |
A heat map describing change in trend for country and goals:
This section takes a closer look at the goal/subgoal scores.
Goal/subgoal scores for the 2021 scenario.
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Norway | 100.00 |
| United Arab Emirates | 100.00 |
| Qatar | 100.00 |
| Cayman Islands | 100.00 |
| United States | 100.00 |
| Ireland | 100.00 |
| Brunei | 100.00 |
| Singapore | 100.00 |
| Denmark | 99.98 |
| Netherlands | 99.96 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 191 | Vanuatu | 46.72 |
| 192 | Benin | 45.94 |
| 193 | Comoro Islands | 45.87 |
| 194 | Solomon Islands | 45.70 |
| 195 | Cameroon | 45.46 |
| 196 | Guinea | 44.92 |
| 197 | Madagascar | 44.50 |
| 198 | Mozambique | 44.34 |
| 199 | Liberia | 43.67 |
| 200 | Togo | 43.42 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Romania | 94.49 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 94.05 |
| Saba | 92.97 |
| Finland | 92.43 |
| Sint Eustatius | 92.32 |
| Estonia | 91.97 |
| Bulgaria | 91.92 |
| Australia | 91.90 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 91.87 |
| Lithuania | 91.66 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Montenegro | 70.41 |
| 212 | Italy | 70.01 |
| 213 | Israel | 68.55 |
| 214 | Malta | 66.63 |
| 215 | Cyprus | 65.41 |
| 216 | Syria | 65.00 |
| 217 | Algeria | 64.86 |
| 218 | Lebanon | 64.68 |
| 219 | Monaco | 61.67 |
| 220 | Libya | 59.85 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Aruba | 100.00 |
| Pitcairn | 100.00 |
| American Samoa | 100.00 |
| Macquarie Island | 100.00 |
| French Polynesia | 99.98 |
| Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island | 99.98 |
| Clipperton Island | 99.95 |
| Saba | 99.94 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 99.90 |
| Wallis and Futuna | 99.88 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Sint Eustatius | 65.33 |
| 212 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 63.60 |
| 213 | Iceland | 62.99 |
| 214 | Gabon | 62.96 |
| 215 | Ivory Coast | 62.52 |
| 216 | Andaman and Nicobar | 61.57 |
| 217 | Jan Mayen | 61.46 |
| 218 | Poland | 56.98 |
| 219 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 36.65 |
| 220 | Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 36.21 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Norfolk Island | 100 |
| Aruba | 100 |
| Clipperton Island | 100 |
| Sint Maarten | 100 |
| Sint Eustatius | 100 |
| Curacao | 100 |
| Portugal | 100 |
| Pitcairn | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 196 | Peru | 58.20 |
| 197 | Chile | 58.14 |
| 198 | Uruguay | 57.28 |
| 199 | Argentina | 57.06 |
| 200 | Somalia | 56.99 |
| 201 | Bermuda | 53.99 |
| 202 | Pakistan | 45.29 |
| 203 | Liberia | 34.82 |
| 204 | Ivory Coast | 32.84 |
| 205 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 30.01 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Ile Europa | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 100 |
| Aruba | 100 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 100 |
| Sint Maarten | 100 |
| Qatar | 100 |
| Sint Eustatius | 100 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 100 |
| Anguilla | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 167 | Guernsey | 54.35 |
| 168 | Cook Islands | 53.75 |
| 169 | Tokelau | 52.93 |
| 170 | Niue | 52.58 |
| 171 | Oman | 51.34 |
| 172 | Pakistan | 45.16 |
| 173 | Oecussi Ambeno | 42.55 |
| 174 | Liberia | 34.75 |
| 175 | Ivory Coast | 32.76 |
| 176 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 30.01 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 99.71 |
| Falkland Islands | 98.96 |
| Bouvet Island | 98.91 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 98.89 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 98.78 |
| Jarvis Island | 98.38 |
| Macquarie Island | 98.22 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 97.70 |
| Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 96.82 |
| Crozet Islands | 96.67 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Guatemala | 31.97 |
| 212 | Israel | 30.27 |
| 213 | India | 29.48 |
| 214 | Slovenia | 28.43 |
| 215 | Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 28.18 |
| 216 | Nauru | 24.26 |
| 217 | Benin | 23.89 |
| 218 | Togo | 21.46 |
| 219 | Gibraltar | 19.65 |
| 220 | Monaco | 19.61 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Crozet Islands | 97.60 |
| Pitcairn | 97.40 |
| Clipperton Island | 96.10 |
| French Polynesia | 95.70 |
| Tuvalu | 95.15 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 94.95 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 93.05 |
| Wallis and Futuna | 91.81 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 90.15 |
| Ascension | 89.10 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | East Timor | 16.23 |
| 212 | Ivory Coast | 14.19 |
| 213 | South Korea | 14.05 |
| 214 | Cambodia | 12.13 |
| 215 | Vietnam | 11.82 |
| 216 | Myanmar | 9.90 |
| 217 | Haiti | 9.73 |
| 218 | Somalia | 9.30 |
| 219 | Bangladesh | 9.01 |
| 220 | North Korea | 2.13 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Norway | 100 |
| Netherlands | 100 |
| Spain | 100 |
| Slovenia | 100 |
| South Korea | 100 |
| Finland | 100 |
| Bulgaria | 100 |
| Taiwan | 100 |
| China | 100 |
| Singapore | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 185 | Republique du Congo | 0 |
| 186 | Eritrea | 0 |
| 187 | Equatorial Guinea | 0 |
| 188 | Sudan | 0 |
| 189 | Syria | 0 |
| 190 | Haiti | 0 |
| 191 | Libya | 0 |
| 192 | Liberia | 0 |
| 193 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0 |
| 194 | Ivory Coast | 0 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Finland | 96.15 |
| Estonia | 95.83 |
| Latvia | 95.83 |
| Lithuania | 95.83 |
| Poland | 95.83 |
| Sweden | 92.78 |
| Denmark | 92.50 |
| Germany | 91.91 |
| Bouvet Island | 90.00 |
| Romania | 89.46 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Bassas da India | 55.04 |
| 212 | Ile Tromelin | 54.98 |
| 213 | Bangladesh | 54.74 |
| 214 | Eritrea | 54.37 |
| 215 | India | 54.29 |
| 216 | Solomon Islands | 53.90 |
| 217 | Yemen | 53.00 |
| 218 | Myanmar | 51.98 |
| 219 | Thailand | 51.39 |
| 220 | Cambodia | 51.20 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 100 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 100 |
| Bouvet Island | 100 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 100 |
| Jarvis Island | 100 |
| Jan Mayen | 100 |
| Seychelles | 100 |
| Ile Europa | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Glorioso Islands | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Niue | 0 |
| 212 | Andaman and Nicobar | 0 |
| 213 | Nauru | 0 |
| 214 | Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 0 |
| 215 | Togo | 0 |
| 216 | Benin | 0 |
| 217 | Eritrea | 0 |
| 218 | Sudan | 0 |
| 219 | Syria | 0 |
| 220 | Libya | 0 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Jan Mayen | 99.96 |
| Faeroe Islands | 99.90 |
| Curacao | 99.67 |
| Tuvalu | 99.66 |
| Norway | 99.54 |
| Saba | 99.34 |
| Aruba | 99.17 |
| Djibouti | 99.13 |
| Sint Eustatius | 98.98 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 98.48 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 208 | Cook Islands | 14.81 |
| 209 | Micronesia | 10.25 |
| 210 | Singapore | 8.24 |
| 211 | Vanuatu | 6.63 |
| 212 | Tonga | 5.40 |
| 213 | Belize | 2.43 |
| 214 | Jamaica | 2.19 |
| 215 | Haiti | 0.83 |
| 216 | Suriname | 0.77 |
| 217 | Marshall Islands | 0.40 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Seychelles | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| New Zealand | 100 |
| Aruba | 100 |
| Sint Maarten | 100 |
| Bahamas | 100 |
| Sint Eustatius | 100 |
| Greece | 100 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 100 |
| Curacao | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 191 | Benin | 9.64 |
| 192 | Republique du Congo | 9.14 |
| 193 | Nigeria | 8.67 |
| 194 | Sierra Leone | 8.60 |
| 195 | Libya | 7.07 |
| 196 | Gabon | 5.46 |
| 197 | Angola | 5.12 |
| 198 | Papua New Guinea | 4.92 |
| 199 | Yemen | 4.11 |
| 200 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2.00 |
Annual change in goal/subgoal scores calculated using a linear regression on scores from 2012 to 2021.
To obtain a more complete picture of which regions are doing well and which are doing poorly we compared the average index scores (averaged over 2012 to 2021) and the trends for each region.
Of most concern are regions that have poor scores and declining trends.
The following is an interactive plot (region names are visible when hovering over the points) showing the relationship between average index scores and trend. The horizontal line represents the 0 trend and the vertical line is the average of the average index scores.
The following is a comparison of the global status scores generated for the 2021 scenario by this year’s assessment vs. last year’s assessment.
If the models and source data remain the same, these scores should be exactly the same. Differences indicate changes in methods or source data.
These changes do not reflect changes in actual system health!
| long_goal | future | pressures | resilience | score | status | trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artisanal opportunities | 0.0782500 | 0.0019545 | 0.3776818 | 0.0387000 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| Biodiversity | 0.0866818 | NaN | NaN | -0.1972273 | -0.4815909 | 0.0013182 |
| Carbon storage | 4.2147973 | 0.1427027 | 1.0397297 | 3.3598649 | 2.5054730 | 0.0562400 |
| Clean water | -0.0012273 | 0.0015455 | -0.0019545 | -0.0004091 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| Coastal protection | 2.6479882 | 0.3957558 | 0.3891860 | 2.3040828 | 1.9608876 | -0.0053691 |
| Economies | 0.0006863 | -0.0108057 | -0.0030909 | 0.0004902 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | 0.7310909 | -0.0451818 | 0.1753636 | 0.5972273 | 0.4631818 | 0.0083636 |
| Food provision | 0.6969545 | NaN | NaN | 0.5770000 | 0.4571364 | 0.0073182 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | -0.1553211 | 1.0767890 | 0.5449541 | -0.7396789 | -1.3245413 | 0.0064352 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | -0.9029091 | 0.0074545 | 0.1388636 | -0.8366818 | -0.7713182 | -0.0023636 |
| Index | 0.6048636 | NA | NA | 0.5210000 | NA | NA |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 2.9090000 | 0.0025000 | -0.0022727 | 2.7387273 | 2.5680909 | 0.0181818 |
| Livelihoods | 0.0018137 | -0.0128436 | -0.0017727 | 0.0013235 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| Livelihoods & economies | 0.0016667 | NaN | NaN | 0.0009804 | -0.0001471 | 0.0006373 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | -0.1049223 | 0.0025455 | 4.1116364 | -0.1918653 | -0.2789119 | 0.0115026 |
| Natural products | -1.8285253 | 0.0705069 | 0.1019355 | -2.1230876 | -2.4173733 | 0.0050472 |
| Sense of place | 1.0030909 | NaN | NaN | 0.9507727 | 0.8988636 | 0.0083182 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | 0.4260455 | -0.0249091 | 0.5560455 | 0.3963636 | 0.3670455 | -0.0015455 |
| Tourism & recreation | -0.3179000 | 0.0023636 | -0.0019545 | -0.3205000 | -0.3228500 | 0.0003000 |
The following interactive plot provides an overview of how the 2021 scenario scores changed between the 2020 and 2021 assessments for all goals and dimensions.
